The scoundrel despoiling petals of my coneflowers is the Oriental beetle.
Abundant rainfall and warm temperatures over the last several weeks fostered a profusion of blossoms on my Shasta daisies and coneflowers, two of my favorite plants for observing pollinators. However, over the past week or so, petals of these blossoms disappeared in bits and pieces down the gullets of small scarab beetles known as Oriental beetles. We met other members of this destructive branch of the scarab clan in previous episodes “Midnight marauders: Asiatic garden beetles, Maladera castanea, July 21, 2014” and “Misery named the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, July 7, 2014.”
Petals and leaves of daisies and coneflowers are now on the menu for Oriental beetle adults.
Like other species of white grubs, Oriental beetle larvae consume the nutritious roots of plants.
Oriental beetles are yet another exotic invasive pest introduced to the US sometime before 1920. Originally detected in Connecticut, Oriental beetle now ranges from Maine to the Carolinas and west to the Heartlands. Grubs of this little rascal, commonly known as white grubs, have been rooting about in my flower beds and lawn since their mothers deposited eggs in the soil early last summer. Last year, conditions for survival of white grubs were spectacular and Bug of the Week warned that the scarab clan would likely be problematic this year. Unfortunately for our plants, the prediction seems to be coming true.
By munching roots of grasses, annual and perennial plants, white grubs can be important pests. Oriental beetle grub counts can approach as many as 60 per square foot of turf in heavy infestations. Here in Maryland, larvae complete development by late spring, pupate, and then adults make their grand appearance in the first half of June. They will be present for the majority of the summer, punishing blossoms in my landscape beds.
After completing development in spring, Oriental beetles emerge from the turf to feed on flowers and leaves.
Management of Oriental beetles usually focuses on destruction of grubs in the turf and several products are available. One group of insecticides widely used for controlling white grubs, including Japanese beetles and Oriental beetles, are the neonicotinoids. These compounds have received much recent attention due to their impacts on pollinators, particularly bees. A fascinating study by Dan Potter and his colleagues at the University of Kentucky revealed that turf treated with the neonicotinoid insecticide clothianidin was not the best place for bumble bees to forage. White clover in plots treated with clothianidin expressed the insecticide in their blossoms, which in turn intoxicated the bees. However, once the clover blossoms had been removed by mowing, the exposure to bees was mitigated. A second white grub-killing insecticide evaluated in the study, chlorantraniliprole, presented no detectable adverse effect for the bumble bees.
In addition to synthetic insecticides, many folks recommend the use of nematodes to control white grubs in turf. Nematodes enter the grub and release a lethal bacterium. There are many different species and strains of nematodes. Dave Shetlar of the Ohio State University suggests that products containing strains of Steinernema carpocapsae are a bit less effective against beetle grubs than species in the clan named Heterorhabditis. You must wait to treat until late July or August when grubs are present in the soil, if you go the nematode route. Pheromone traps are also available to help detect Oriental beetles and capture the males. For me, plucking the beetles from the plants and either crushing their small bodies or giving them a swim in a cup of soapy water provides some retribution for their miscreant behaviors. Unfortunately, I fear that another soggy spring and summer portend increases in Oriental beetles and their kin in 2016. Abundant summer rainfall makes our gardens lush but, alas, also benefits many species of scarabs.
References
Excellent references such as “Assessing Insecticide Hazard to Bumble Bees Foraging on Flowering Weeds in Treated Lawns” by Jonathan L. Larson, Carl T. Redmond, and Daniel A. Potter, “Destructive Turfgrass Insects” by Daniel Potter, and publications found at the following links were used in preparing this episode.
http://extension.entm.purdue.edu/CAPS/pestInfo/orientalBtl.htm
http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/pdf/2510.pdf
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0066375