Burrr…enough snow, ice, and below normal temperatures! Time for Bug of the Week to head back to Central America to warm up and visit some of the most awesome rulers of tropical forests. You’ll remember previous episodes where we met beautiful butterflies like the blue morpho and malachite, as well as cryptic lanternflies, and hairy tarantulas. On the Richter scale of ferocity these arthropods average a lame 1.5. This week we meet an insect that rocks in at 9.5 on the ferocity scale - army ants, arguably the most rapacious insect predator in the jungle realm.

While driving along a dusty road in Palo Verde, Costa Rica, our path was blocked by a streaming column of furious army ants. This bustling brigade was only a small portion of a pillaging horde hunting food in one small corner of the lowland dry forest. Single colonies of army ants contain hundreds of thousands to more than a million workers capable of capturing and eating thousands of assorted arthropods each day. The column we met consisted of scads of large and small workers busily transporting food to a temporary food cache or colony site called a bivouac.

In lesser numbers within and alongside the column were imposing soldiers. These grotesque giants sported huge, sickle-shaped jaws used to defend workers and colony from attack. The jaws of the soldiers are so large and highly modified for grappling and pinching that they are of little use for eating. In a reenactment of a scene in Mel Gibson’s “Apocalypto”, I tested the ability of a soldier’s jaws to act as a wound suture. They worked just fine.

**A night time trip to the outhouse can be especially exciting when army ants set up a bivouac inside.**

At the raiding end of the ant column, a chaotic melee of murder and mayhem ensues as swarms of stinging and biting workers capture other arthropods, primarily insects and spiders, although other unfortunate small animals that fail to escape the approaching horde may succumb. After subduing victims, workers dismember their prey and transport them in large and small pieces back to a food cache or bivouac to feed developing larval ants, their attendants, and the hungry queen. The bivouac is usually in a protected location beneath a log or between the buttress roots of a large fig tree. It is formed by thousands of ants linked leg to leg in a protective living cover for the queen and young. However, army ants may set up bivouacs in man-made structures. We witnessed this event firsthand on a recent trip to Belize where army ants raided a research station and established a bivouac in an outhouse. This provided quite a surprise when a sleepy student undertook a nocturnal visit the privy. Yikes!

The life of army ant colonies is characterized by two distinct phases. When the colony is in the nomadic phase, workers hunt by day and bring food back to the colony, but they stop carrying food to the bivouac as night approaches. They become highly excited and begin transporting food and ant larvae away from the bivouac along one of the outward leading trails. As the old bivouac disintegrates, the queen and her entourage follow a chemical trail through the forest and establish a new bivouac at a different location. The regular relocation of the bivouac in the nomadic phase enables legions of workers to pillage untapped areas of the forest for food each day.

Several times a year, the colony enters a stationary phase. During this phase, the colony hunkers down in one location for several weeks. Larvae begin to pupate and the queen lays as many as 30,000 eggs each day. During the stationary phase, raids continue, but are less frequent and intense. In a fascinating study, Nigel Franks discovered that during the stationary phase, army ants changed direction of successive foraging bouts. The direction of each new foray differed from the previous one by approximately 123 degrees in a clockwise direction. By searching different quadrants of the habitat sequentially, ants avoid hunting in the same area twice. Foraging in different areas may also allow new victims to repopulate recently searched areas. Over the span of a few weeks, thousands of eggs hatch and hungry young larvae place enormous demands for food on the colony. By now, ants produced during the previous stationary phase have completed development and matured into new workers. With thousands of new workers to forage and the demand for food high, the colony resumes its nomadic phase and it’s time for many small insects and other animals to escape or die.

References

We thank the hearty crew of BSCI 279M: Tropical Biology in Belize for providing the inspiration for this Bug of the Week. The wonderful book "The Insect Societies" by Edward O. Wilson, and the interesting article "Army Ants: A Collective Intelligence" by Nigel Franks were used as references for this Bug of the Week.

For more information on army ants, please visit the following websites:

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Eciton_burchellii/

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2006/08/army-ants/moffett-text